Software of the Month Club 1996 August

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EVIDENCES version 2.6 Jean-Paul Doeraene 13, rue marais Gauquier B-7911 Frasnes-Lez-Anvaing BELGIUM EVIDENCES is a quiz game, that is a game where the computer asks questions and the user answers. The principle is quite simple, and the idea is not original. But our aim is to give a flexible program that can do the most you want with the less needs. Indeed, you'll find an incredible number of options and configuration parameters which allow you even to use the program with non english speaking pupils while on the other hand you only need a simple XT computer and a 36O Ko floppy disk unit. We insist on the fact that this is *not* a multiple choice quiz : the awaited answers are words or sentences. The program is divided in three main parts : 1) the game part, where the computer asks questions, wait for answers and tells to the user (the pupil) if he is right or not; 2) the edition part, where the user (the teacher) can edit its own questionnaires; 3) the attribution part, where the user (the teacher) can assign to each pupil a "program" of questionnaires that he will follow in one or more sessions while his results will be recorded by the program. HAVE MUCH FUN ! Note : Each paragraph is noted with one, two or three exclamation points. One for basic use level, two for medium use level, and three for expert use level. FIRST APPROACH (!) You enter the program when you type "evidence", followed by "Enter", at the DOS prompt. You see then the main menu and get the following propositions : play with a questionnaire, edit new or old questionnaires, manage attributions, manage password or quit the program. As a general rule, each expression after the ">>>" sign points out a command. We want to play first, so we press "G" (for "game"). We see now a screen in two parts : the left part shows you the list of the questionnaires which are available; the right part gives you two propositions : select a file or quit. You press "Enter" to select a file, that is a questionnaire. In the list you see "DEMO.Q" : you type this name (you need not to write the extension which is ".Q" by default, so you may simply type "demo"). After you have entered the name of the file, the program asks you for the name of the player : enter your firstname. Now the game begins. The screen is now divided in three parts : the upper part for asking questions and write answers, the lower left part to display available commands, and the lower right as a scoreboard. In the upper part you see some question : enter your answer and press "Enter". We suppose you are right, so the computer now displays "Right answer!". You see that your score increases in the lower right part. You can go further by pressing the space bar. The computer asks you another question, and you answer again. If your answer is wrong, the computer displays the right answer, and the score of the computer increases. When you are done, the computer gives you a note between 0 and 20 and make some comment about your score. You quit by pressing "End" and so you come back to the file selection menu. Now I suppose you want to edit your own questionnaire. So press "Q" (for "Questionnaires") from the main menu. Again you see the list of questionnaires and you press "Enter" to select a file. This time you will enter a name which is not in the list, so that a new file will be created. For instance type "MYQUEST" as a name for your questionnaire. When you press enter, the program adds the extension ".Q" so the name will be "MYQUEST.Q". As it doesn't exist, the program asks you if you want to create a new file; press "Y" to confirm. Now the program asks you the number of lines for questions; one is enough for this approach. At last the program asks you if the datas are as you want; press "Y" to confirm. Now you see a screen divided in three parts : the upper for the cards of the file and the lowers for instructions. The upper part is somewhat complicated at this moment because you see the card with the title of the file and its options. Don't pay any attention to these things for the moment; we'll go back to these in another paragraph. Now we only want to write questions and answers. As pointed out in the lower part, you can edit a new card with one question and its answer by pressing "N" (for "New"). When you do it, you see an empty card in the upper corner and the cursor is just near "Q :" which means that you can type here your question. Type it. The line editor allows you to come back with the left arrow, or to erase characters with the backspace or "Del" keys; you can also erase the entire line with "F9" or just the part from the cursor to the end of the line by "Ctrl-End". When you are done, press "Enter". Now the cursor is near "A :" and you can write the answer in the same way. Press "Enter" again. Now the program asks you if you want save the new card, abort the modifications or edit again. Save your card by pressing "S" (for "save"). Now you see that the new card has got number 1 in the upper left corner of the screen. To create another card with another question and its answer, press "N" (for "new") again, and repeat the process. When all your questions are written, press "Q" (for "quit"). You see the list of questionnaires again, and you can notice that your questionnaire is now in the list. Press "Esc" to go back to the main menu. You can then press "G" (for "game") to play with your own questionnaire. One more trick : When editing a card, you can also use the "PgDwn" key ("Page Down") to go from the question to the answer, and to go from the answer to a new card (saving the former card at the same time). So you have no more to confirm the saving by "S" and ask for editing a new card by "N". HOW TO WRITE CARDS (!) Of course you can just write each question with one answer. But a simple question can have more than one right answer. For instance if your question is "Cite a yellow fruit", then "lemon" is a right answer, but "banana" is also right. EVIDENCES can manage such problems; to use it correctly, you have to know how exactly it compares the answer given by the player in game mode (let us call this the "given answer") with the answer written on the card in edition mode (let us call this the "expected answer"). The answer is accepted if each word in the expected answer (except some little words : "the", "a", "an", "and") are in the given answer. That means that if the expected answer is "the red apple", the program will accept the following given answers : "the red apple" of course, but also "red apple" or "the apple red" or "apple red" or even "red and yellow apple"; it will not accept "red pear" neither "apple" neither "yellow apple". Though, if you think that "the red apple" is the only acceptable answer, then you have to set the option "strict comparison" on (see the paragraph about options below). Now what about if your question has two or more acceptable answers ? Well! just write them all separated by either the word "or" either "|" or "||". So for the question "Cite a yellow fruit", the expected answer can be "banana or lemon" or "banana | lemon". For the question "What is the french translation of `dress' ?", the expected answer can be "tenue | costume | habit". The program accepts the given answer "tenue" or else "costume" or else "habit". You can also use the semi-colon ";" instead of "|". The difference is that when the given answer is wrong, any expected answer written after the first semi-colon is not displayed. For instance, for the question "10 x 10 = ?", the expected answer can be written "100; hundred". In case of wrong answer, the computer will display : "The right answer was : 100". Sometimes you want to add some explanation to the answer to be displayed when the given answer is wrong. You can add it to the expected answer in brackets. For instance for the question "In what year began World War II ?", the expected answer can be "1940 (it ended in 1945)". All what is in brackets is ignored by the program so that the answer "1940" will be accepted, but in case of wrong answer, the information will be displayed. If you add the sign "*" at the end of a word in the expected answer, the program will accept each word beginning by the first one. For instance, if "cell*" is the expected answer, the program will accept "cell" but also "cellar", "cello", "cellophane", etc. As this special coding is not comprehensive by the player, it should be used only for alternative answers after the sign ";", so that the words ending with "*" aren't displayed in case of wrong answer. The file "DEMO.Q" has been written using most of these possibilities. Edit it to see how they are used. You have yet to know exactly what we mean by `word'. A word is an unbroken sequence of letters, which are the letters in strict sense but also the chiffers, the underscore sign (_), the apostrophe (') and the hyphen (-). All other characters are separators. It is possible to ask to the program to consider the apostrophe and/or the hyphen as separators : see the configuration parameter "SEPAR" described below. OPTIONS (!) Each questionnaire has a special card with the title and options. This card is displayed when you create a new questionnaire. When it is already created, you can go to this card by the command "O" (for "option") or "T" (for "title"). You can edit this card just as you can edit other cards with question and answer. But you cannot delete this card. title The title is used as a generic question. It is displayed at the top of the screen during the game. For instance, the title of a questionnaire of history can be "In what year was this event ?", the title of a questionnaire of geography can be "What is the capital of this country ?". When you have written your title, press "Enter" to go to options, or press "F2" to save the title without editing options. repeat questions when wrong answer This is the first option. Type "Y" to set it on, or "N" to set it off, or press "Enter" to accept the option as it is settled. You can also use the up or down arrow to go to another option. If you set this option off, each question will be asked at most one time during the game. If you set this option on, the same question can be asked as long as the player doesn't give the right answer. Moreover, the number of questions to ask doesn't decrease when this option is on, and the given answer is wrong. case of letter is significant If you set this option off, and if you have an expected answer which is "Event", the program will accept "Event" of course, but also "EVENT" or "event". If you set this option on, the only right answer will be "Event". the game may be aborted by "Esc" After each question during the game, you can continue if you press the space bar or stop the game if you press "Esc". If this option is off, you can not stop the game with "Esc" before it is really finished. number of questions to ask This option is a number between 0 and 255. If you want the program to ask all questions in the questionnaire, leave this blank (or equivalently set it to 0). If you want the game to stop after some number of questions (10, 15, 20, etc.), set this option to this number. If the option "ask again when wrong answer" is off, the number you enter will be exactly the number of questions asked. If this option is on, the number you enter will be the number of right answers to be given before the game ends. follow file order to ask questions The cards are sorted out in the file : When you use the command "N" (as "new card"), the new card will be set at the end of the file; when you use the command "I" (as "insert new card"), the new card will be set before the current card. This is the only difference between these two commands. Now when you set "ask questions in order" on, the questions will be asked following the order of the file; else they will be shuffled. strictly compare given answers Let's explain this option by an example. Assume the expected answer is "an apple and a pear". If this option is off, the following answers will be accepted : "an apple and a pear", of course, but also "apple and pear", "a pear and an apple", and even "pear apple" (see also the configuration parameter "ignor" below). If this option is on, the following answers will *not* be accepted : "apple and pear" (this miss the articles), "a pear and an apple" (the words are shuffled) and even "an apple and a pear and a banana" (two much words). current best score settled to This is not really an option; it is the best score which has been recorded by the program itself for the file. There is two reasons for which you may want to modify it : the first is that you want to reset this best score, then set it to 0; the second is that you don't want to record and display best scores, then set it to 21 (a score that can not been reached, because the top score is 20). threshold to go on in attribution This option is only useful when you use the file in an attribution list (see below). The game will be stopped before the end of the list if the score you enter here is not reached by the player. ATTRIBUTIONS (!!) This function can be used by teachers. It allows to assign a list of questionnaires to pupils, either individually either by group. The pupil is then asked to answer to each questionnaire of the list. The program take a note of which questionnaires have been done, and which have not been done, so that the pupil can resume its work in another session. So progressive programs can be established. Moreover each questionnaire have a minimum score ("threshold") which has to be reached by the pupil before to go to the next questionnaire; otherwise, he will have to carry out the same questionnaire again next time. To proceed, press "A" (for "attributions") from the main menu. Now you see a list of files with extension ".A"; these are the attribution files. (If you use EVIDENCES for the first time, the list has probably only one file "DEMO.A".) To create your own attribution file press "Enter" to select a file and type for instance "MYATTRIB" as a name for your file. When you validate by "Enter", the program adds the extension ".A", so your file will be "MYATTRIB.A". Confirm that you want to create a new file and that the datas are correct by pressing "Y" (for "yes"). Now you enter the edition. This is quite the same way as the edition of a questionnaire. Though instead of fields "Q" ("question") and "A" ("answer"), you have now fields "N" ("name of the player") and "A" ("attribution list"). So each card has a field with the name of the pupil and a field for the list of questionnaires which you assign to this pupil. You can enter more than one name on a card, separated by the sign ";" or "|" : for instance you can enter "John Smith; John" so that John Smith will be recognized later by his surname only (of course this means that you can not have two John in your classroom !). The list of questionnaires is just the names of the files (with or without extension ".Q") separated by spaces. For instance it can be "planets gwashing french1" if you want John to answer to a questionnaire about astronomy (named "PLANETS.Q"), then a questionnaire about history (named "GWASHING.Q") and a questionnaire about french vocabulary (named "FRENCH1.Q") that we assume you have edited before, of course. You create a card for all pupil in your classroom. When you are done, quit the edition by the command "Q" (for "quit"). Now that your attribution file has been created, you can activate it. To do this, just select the file "MYATTRIB.A" again, and press "A" (for "activate"). The program now mentions that the attribution file is active. Return to the main menu by "Esc". In the main menu you see "(Y)" near the word "Attributions" which means that there is an attribution file activated. Press "G" (for "game"). The program does not display the list of files anymore. Instead, it asks you your name. Type it and press "Enter". The program display "Unknown player !". Indeed you are not in the attribution file "MYATTRIB.A". If you try again but type the name of one of your pupils - assume you type "Smith" - the program will ask you the questionnaires of the list of files attributed to Smith : planets, gwashing, french1. Assume you answer theses questions. Thereafter, the program quits the game and displays "There is no more questionnaire for you". From the main menu, type "A" (for "attribution") and select "MYATTRIB.A" again to edit it. In the file, you see that the index card of John Smith has now its attribution field modified : it's something as "planets(12) gwashing(11) french1(5)". The numbers between brackets are the score that you have obtained during the game. If John Smith want to play again, the program will now display "There is no more questionnaire for you". But suppose you have aborted the game (by "Esc") while you were answering to the questions of "gwashing". Then the index card of John will be recorded as "planets(12) gwashing french1". When he will try to play in another session of EVIDENCES, the program will then ask him the questions of "GWASHING.Q" and "FRENCH1.Q" only. (The program "knows" that the questionnaire "PLANETS.Q" has already been achieved by John because there is a number between brackets after "planet" in the attribution file.) If you want to come back to the normal mode for the game, you have to choose "Attributions" again from the main menu, and then "Desactivate attribution". There is a way to conceive progressive programs of questionnaires by limiting the access of the next questionnaire in the list. Each questionnaire has a passing score ("threshold") as option which the player must cross to go to the next questionnaire in the list. In our example, let us suppose we have set the threshold of the file "PLANETS.Q" to 12. If John has got a score of 11 for this file, the program will abort the list, and will not record the score, so that John will be asked to answer to the questionnaire "PLANETS.Q" again in the next session. Two more tricks. 1) Often you want to attribuate the same list of questionnaires to a whole classroom. You can avoid typing the same list again and again. Just enter the names of the pupils on cards, leaving the attribution field blank. Then choose the "General attribution" function, and type the list of questionnaires you want to assign to everybody. 2) Instead, if you want just establish a list for everyone but don't want individual cards, you can create an attribution file with one card only, leaving the name field blank, and with this list in the attribution field. So, everybody will be asked this list, but the scores won't be recorded in the attribution file. SCORES FILE (!!) Each time a player has answered completely to a questionnaire (without leaving it with "Esc"), EVIDENCES records his name, the file, his score and the date in a text file "SCORES.TXT". This file is a plain text file. EVIDENCES cannot show you this file, but you can see it by typing "more < SCORES.TXT" at the DOS prompt, or with any text editor (like EDIT) or text viewer. You can delete the file "SCORES.TXT" when you want (if becomes bigger and bigger) ; then the program EVIDENCES will create a new one next time you'll play with it. If you want to import the datas of "SCORES.TXT" in a worksheet (as EXCEL), you'll better add the line "TABSC = Yes" to the configuration file (see below), so that the fields of SCORES.TXT will be separated by tabulations instead of spaces. PASSWORD (!!) You can introduce a password that limits access to edition and attribution modes. So when a password is introduced, you can just play but not modify files. This is useful if you are a teacher and use this program with pupils. The first time you press "P" in the main menu, the program asks you a new password. After you have done this, the program will ask the password each time you attempt to edit files. You can change the password choosing "P" again from the main menu. If you want to erase the password, you just have to enter an empty string as a new password. The password is kept in a hidden file named "MDP". This file is deleted when you erase the password inside the program. If you forget your password, you can delete this file under DOS, but you have to cancel the hidden attrib of the file before with the command "attrib -h mdp". If you don't want to erase the password but want to get rid of writing it during a complete session of EVIDENCES, you just have to enter it when it is asked you, and enter it with "F2" instead of "Enter". SECRET KEYS (!!) During the game, when the program asks you if you want to resume, after you have answered a question and the program has corrected your answer, you can use some secret keys. If you have entered a password, it will be asked you when you try to use these cheat keys. Ctrl-A This forces the program to accept your answer even if you were wrong. Ctrl-C This ends the game. Ctrl-E This goes directly to edition mode. This is useful when testing a new questionnaire if you see you have made a mistake in writing the card. You can correct it directly, and come back to the game when you press "Q". CONFIGURATION FILE (!!!) You can configure the program completely to your needs with the configuration file "CONFIG.EVI" which is a text file that you can edit with a plain text editor such as EDIT which is supplied with your DOS system. Each line of the file is something like "<ID> = <parameter>". The ID is a single word. The parameter is sometimes simply "yes" or "no" (this is a switch), sometimes a text. Here is the list of the IDs. Note : Examples between quotation marks below must appear on a single line in the configuration file, although they may split on two lines in this documentation file. REM Line ignored by the program ; this is just to introduce a REMark in your configuration file. Example : "REM = This is a remark." IGNOR Words IGNORed by the program when the option "strict comparison" is off. Example : "IGNOR = the an a and". PLAYE Name of the usual PLAYEr if any (15 characters or less). SIGNA Each created file can be marked with your SIGNAture (20 characters or less). Example : "SIGNA = Jean-Paul Doeraene". DELAY Some messages appear on screen for a while and then disappear. If the time they appear is too short (because you have a fast computer), you can increase it. Default delay is 2. Example "DELAY = 4". FEXIT Switch. When a password exists, you can quit the program freely. You can forbit the Free EXIT if you write "FEXIT = No". If you do so, and if a password exists, you'll have to write the password to quit the program. CHPAS Switch. Maybe you don't want all the business with the password. In this case you can forbit the set (or CHange) of the PASsword if you write "CHPAS = No". SEPAR The hyphen and apostrophe are considered as letters. You can force the program to consider they are SEPARators (which means not letters) in any case. Examples : "SEPAR = - '" if you want both the hyphen and apostrophe to be separators or "SEPAR = '" if you want the apostrophe to be a separator and the hyphen to be a letter. CTRLA Switch. You can forbit the use of the cheat key "CTRL-A" during the game with "CTRLA = No". DITOP Switch. You can forbit the DIsplay and record of the TOP player with "DITOP = No". DANSW Switch. If you insert the line "DANSW = Yes", then the editor will ask you if you want answers with one or two lines. If you chose two lines, you will have two lines for the field of the answer. Note, however, that the player will always have one line only to answer, and in case of wrong answer, the first line of the expected answer only will be displayed. So what is the utility of a second line ? Well ! you can use it to add more possible answers (don't forget to end the first line by a semi-colon ";"). SCORE Name of the text file where the SCOREs must be stored. Example : "SCORE = SCOBOARD.TXT". If you don't want that the scores are stored in a file, just enter "SCORE =" (without file name). Path is not allowed : the file will always be in the same directory as the questionnaires. TABSC Switch. If you write "TABSC = Yes" in the configuration file, then the fields in the SCore file (i.e. the name of the player, the name of the file, the score and the date) will be separated by TABulations instead of by spaces. This is useful if you want to use the datas of the score file within a worksheet. ATTRI Name of the file that is activated as an ATTRIbution file when the program starts (you *have* to write the extension ".A"). With this you have no longer to activate it via the attribution mode. Path is not allowed : the file should be in the same directory as the questionnaires. WDIR Path for questionnaires, attribution files and scores file if different from the current directory. COMME Name of the file that countains the COMMEnts which are displayed where the game is finished. The comments are lines (35 characters or less) in decreasing order of score. If you don't want that the scores are commented, just enter "COMME =" (without file name). Path is not allowed : the file should be in the same directory as the program "EVIDENCE.EXE". VIDEO Name of the file used by the program for the VIDEO parameters instead of the default one. Path is not allowed : the file must be in the same directory as "EVIDENCE.EXE". By default, the program uses either "COLOUR.EVI" either "MONOCHRO.EVI". UPCAS Name of the file used by the program for the UPCASe conversion. By default the program uses one of the UPCxxx.EVI files, depending of what code page you have. So you should not worry about this. The next parameters allow you to change a lot of messages displayed by the program in game mode. This is especially useful if you want to use this program with non english speaking players. OR You can change the word to separate expected answers. Example : "OR = ou" to use french questionnaires. SORRY Text displayed when the answer is wrong (60 characters or less). Example : "SORRY = Sorry ! This is not right !" CONGR Text displayed when the answer is true (60 characters or less). Example : "CONGR = Right answer !" BEST Text displayed when the BEST score is reached (35 characters or less). Example : "BEST = Best score !" WNAME Text displayed when the program has to ask for the player's name (35 characters or less, attribution mode only). Example : "WNAME = What is your name ?" UNKNO Text displayed when the program doesn't recognize the player (35 characters or less, attribution mode only). You can display two lines (35 characters each); just enter the whole text (on a single line) in the config file and write "\" where you want a linebreak. Example : "UNKNO = I don't recognize\this name !". NOMOR Text displayed when the list of questionnaire of the attribution file is done (attribution mode only). One or two lines (35 characters each), with "\" as linebreak. Example : "NOMOR = That's all,\folks !". NOTHR Text displayed when the threshold is not reached by the player (attribution mode only). One or two lines (35 characters each), with "\" as linebreak. Example : "NOTHR = Sorry\Not enough to go on !". INTER Text displayed when the user has INTERrupted the list of questionnaires (attribution mode only). One or two lines (35 characters each), with "\" as linebreak. Example : "INTER = You requested\to leave the game !". DFPLA Name of the player when no name is introduced. Example "DFPLA = player". OPPON Name of the virtual OPPONent to the player. Example "OPPON = computer". PARAMETERS (!!) EVIDENCES accepts some parameters on the command line. You have a quick reminder if you type "evidence /?" at the DOS prompt. Each parameter has the form "<ID>=<parameter>" (without spaces). The ID is a single letter and the parameter is a string. For instance you can activate the attribution file "DEMO.A" directly if you type "evidence a=demo.a" at the DOS prompt. You can use an alternative configuration file "FCONFIG.EVI" if you enter "evidence c=fconfig.evi". You can set a signature for the new files if you enter "evidence i=Jean-Paul_Doeraene" (note the sign "_" instead of a space). Of course you can use several parameters. EVI2TXT (!!!) This is a stand-alone utility to translate EVIDENCES files to text files. The complete syntax is reminded to you when you run the program without parameters. Here are some examples. To display the questionnaire "DEMO.Q" on the screen page by page, enter "evi2txt demo.q | more" at the DOS prompt. To write the attribution file "MYATTRIB.A" to a text file "MYATTRIB.TXT", enter "evi2txt myattrib.a /v myattrib.txt". To write the complete description of the questionnaire "CAPITAL.Q" to the text file "CAPITAL.TXT", enter "evi2txt capital.q /v capital.txt /c". FILES USED BY THE PROGRAM (!!!) EVIDENCE.EXE This is of course the main program. CONFIG.EVI This file is a text file that contains custom parameters for the program. See above. MONOCHRO.EVI and COLOUR.EVI These files contain parameters for the video display. The program determines itself if you have a monochrome or colour adaptater and uses the appropriate file. The file "CGA.EVI" is an alternative file for colour display : write "video = cga.evi" in the "CONFIG.EVI" file if you want the program to use it. COMMENTS.EVI This is a text file used to comment the scores (game mode). Each line (35 characters or less) contains the comment for one score. The first line is for the score 20, the second is for 19, etc. You can change this file with a plain text editor. UPCxxx.EVI These files are used only if you don't use the standard code page 437. You can check the code page used by your computer with the command line "chcp" at the DOS prompt. The program determines itself what code page you use, and uses the appropiate file. SCORES.TXT This text file is maintained by the program to keep a trace of the scores which have been established by the players. You can see it with a simple text editor or viewer, or print it with the command line "copy scores.txt prn:" at the DOS prompt. Note that the score is not recorded if the game is interrupted before the normal end by "Esc". You can delete the file without fear when you want. MDP This is an hidden file that is maintained by the program to keep the password if any. It will be deleted if you delete the password. EVI2TXT.EXE This is a stand-alone utility to write EVIDENCES files to text files. If you run it without parameters, you get a quick help of the syntax and options of this program. DISCLAIMER This software and any support from author are provided "as is" and without warranty, express or implied. Author specifically disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. In no event will author be liable for any damages, including but not limited to any lost profits, lost savings or any incidental or consequential damages, whether resulting from impaired or lost data, software or computer failure or any other cause, or for any other claim by user or for any third party claim. CONCLUSION You can ask questions or just say me you like (or don't like) my program by the following means. (Please say me where you have found EVIDENCES and which version you have.) What I'd like the best, is to receive quiz files that *you* created ; you can use the util EVI2TXT with the option "/c" to write your file as a text file and send it me this with e-mail ; if you do this, you implicitely accept that your file could be distibuted with a future version of EVIDENCES. The next version of EVIDENCES should be 3.0. It should not be a freeware anymore, but a low cost shareware (no more than $29). It should have two major improvements : 1) The edition of questions with more than one line will have an automatic word wrap, as in a true text editor. 2) The program could be used with a network, meaning that many pupils could play with the same file at the same time, and share the same attribution file. If you are interested by this project, or have any idea for other improvements, please write it to me. Mail : Jean-Paul Doeraene 13, rue du marais Gauquier B-7911 Frasnes-Lez-Anvaing BELGIUM E-mail : CompuServe : 100415,2113 Internet : Doeraene@univ-lille1.fr